Avioane de recunoastere si supraveghere (X)

Avioane de supraveghere terestra

Sunt avioane folosite pentru detectia si urmarirea tintelor aflate la sol, comanda si control.

La sfarsitul anilor ’70, americanii au demarat un program de tip „black”, pentru realizarea unui avion de supraveghere terestra „invizibil”. Northrop Grumman a construit un demonstrator tehnologic Tacit Blue. Acesta a zburat prima data in 1982, fiind apoi testat in mod secret in celebra Area 51. Proiectul a fost facut public abia in 1996.

Tacit Blue

Nu stiu cat de avansate erau caracteristicile stealth, dar rezultatele obtinute de echipamentul electronic au fost foarte bune, acestea fiind apoi montate de urmatoarea generatie, E 8 JSTARS (Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar).

Acesta este un avion folosit pentru supraveghere terestra, battle management, comanda si control (C2). Au fost folosite 17 avioane tip Boeing 707-300 modificate si ulterior remotorizate.

Introducerea in exploatare a inceput in 1991, cand primele doua avioane aflate inca in testare au participat la razboiul din Golf.

Echipamentul principal este un radar AN/APY 3, ce functioneaza in mai multe moduri de operare : ground moving target indicator (GMTI), fixed target indicator (FTI), target classification si synthetic aperture radar (SAR). 

E 8C

Avioanele JSTARS au fost folosite in majoritatea operatiunilor militare ale SUA, derulate dupa 1991.

UK

Englezii au incercat in anii ’80 dezvoltarea unor aparate de supraveghere terestra folosind cunoscutul BN 2T, dotat cu un radar, respectiv programul ASTOR (Airborne Sand Off Radar). A iesit ceva cam ciudat.

BN -2T ASTOR G-DLRA

Raytheon Sentinel

Intrucat englezii intentioneaza sa renunte la cel putin unul din avioane, indienii au solicitat cumpararea sa.

In afara avioanelor din aceasta clasa, se folosesc si avioane de mici dimensiuni dotate cu radare de supraveghere, in general pentru patrulare frontaliera sau operatiuni militare de mica amploare.

In SUA se folosesc pe propriul teritoriu si aerostate purtatoare de radare tip JLENS, EL/M 2083 sau Tethered Aerostat Radar System (TARS).

Avioane SIGINT

Pe langa informatiile colectate prin fotografiere, (IMINT), in cadrul operatiunilor militare este deosebit de importanta activitatea SIGINT (Signal Intelligence). Aceasta consta in interceptarea semnalelor ce provin din comunicatii (COMINT), respectiv conversatii radio, telefonice, text sau email si a semnalelor provenite de la diverse echipamente, altele decat cele folosite pentru comunicatii (ELINT), in mod deosebit radare, sisteme anti aeriene, etc

Cunoasterea frecventelor radarelor de supraveghere sau control al focului, locatia exacta a lor, sunt date esentiale despre un inamic.

Operatiunile tip SIGINT efectuate de avioanele militare special dotate, sunt din punct de vedere legal, actiuni de spionaj.

Unul din cele mai utile instrumente obţinute din procesarea tuturor informatiilor este Electronic order of battle (EOB), care identifica intr-o anumita zona sursele ce emit semnale radio, stabilind pozitia, gradul de mobilitate, sau rolul lor ierarhic si organizational. Pe baza EOB, se pot stabili cele mai bune tactici de atac al tintelor din zona.

Electronic order of battle

Avioanele folosite pentru SIGINT sunt in general avioane de transport modificate si dotate cu echipamente specifice, de obicei fiind pastrata  o mare discretie asupra dotarilor.

SUA

C-130 Hercules in diverse variante a fost utilizat pentru actiuni SIGINT mai ales la frontierele URSS si RPC incepand cu 1958.

RC 12 Guardrail sunt o familie de avioane SIGINT echipate in diverse variante folosite pentru actiuni tactice SIGINT. Au devenit operationale incepand cu 1971 si au fost modernizate de mai multe ori.

Raytheon RC 12 N

RC 135 Rivet joint

Americanii folosesc termenul de triada de fier (iron triad) pentru cele trei principale tipuri de avioane folosite pentru rol de recunoastere si supraveghere. Aceste „big wings”  (E 3 SENTRY AWACS, E 8C JSTARS si RX 135V/W Rivet Joint), joaca un rol esential in operatiunile militare ale USA .

Iron Triad

Rusia

Antonov 12 Cub -B

Avionul doborat anul acesta in Siria.

Il 20 M Coot A

Un avion derivat din TO 204, avand misiuni SIGINT, rusii sustinand ca are la bord un radar ce poate „vedea” chiar si tintele aflate sub suprafata solului. A fost folosit in Siria si posibil Ucraina.

TU 214 R

Franta

A folosit doua DC 8 modificate pana in 2004.

DC-8 SARIGUE NG

C -160 TRANSALL Gabriel

Suedia

In anii ’50 – 3 aparate

T 82 Vickers Varsity

In anii ’60 2 aparate.

SE 210 Caravelle

In prezent 4 aparate.

Gulfstream IV Karpen

Coreea de Sud

Are in dotare 8 aparate :

Raytheon Hawker 800 SIG

China

10 aparate :

TU 154 M/D

Shaanxi Y 8

Israel

Foloseste cel putin doua aparate B 707 modificate local, care vor fi inlocuite de Gulfstream G 500, echipate cu sisteme israeliene.

Avioane asemanatoare modificate in Israel, sunt folosite de Argentina -1, Chile -1, India -1, Spania-1.

Turcia foloseste 6 Hercules SIGINT.

Avioane pentru operatiuni psihologice PSYOPS

Daca in trecut se foloseau diverse tipuri de avioane pentru raspandirea de afise cu rol de propaganda avand rolul de a influenta moralul militarilor sau al populatiei civile, iar apoi s-a folosit chiar montarea de difuzoare puternice pentru emiterea de mesaje, in prezent se folosesc platforme aeriene pentru a emite emisiuni radio sau TV pe teritoriul inamicului.

Americanii au folosit prima data EC 121 Coronet solo in anii ’60, EC 130 E incepand cu 1980, iar din 2004 EC 130J Commando Solo. Au participat in misiuni in Irak, Afganistan, Bosnia, Libia, transmitand mai ales noaptea emisiuni de propaganda.

EC 130J Commando Solo

Chinezii folosesc avioane Gaoxin 7 cu acelasi scop.

Dupa WW2, avioanele de spionaj au fost implicate in numeroase incidente militare, in care si-au pierdut viata foarte multi membri ai echipajelor. In dorinta de a preveni spionajul, au fost doborate si avioane de pasageri in mod deliberat. In general aceste tipuri de avioane, aparent pasnice si neinarmate, executa misiuni de maxima importanta care sunt foarte riscante. De curand tocmai a fost doborat un Il 20M rusesc in Siria cu 15 victime.

Desi asistam la o crestere imensa a dronelor folosite in aceste scopuri, se pare ca inca mult timp vor opera si avioanele clasice.

Il 20 M Siria

Lista avioanelor de recunoastere sau supraveghere doborate, sau care au fost implicate in incidente

Date	Type	Unit	Location	Claimed By	Notes
15-Nov-45	PBM-5	USN	Port Arthur	Unknown	Shot at but escaped
20-Feb-46	PBM-5	USN VP-26	Darien	Unknown	Damaged but escaped
22-Apr-46	C-47	USAAF	Tullin, Nr Vienna	Shot at but escaped	None
9-Aug-46	C-47	USAAF	Ljubljana, Yugoslavia	Dragomir Zecevic in a YAK-3	Shot at and crash landed 5 Survivors
19-Aug-46	C-47	USAAF	Near Bled Yugoslavia	Vladimir Vodopivec in a YAK-3	5 Fatalities
1946	Dakota	RAF	Near Nis Yugoslavia	Zelijko Cermelj in a YAK-3	Forced to land
27-Oct-48	P-38 Lightning	Italian Air Force	Yugoslavia	Unknown	Disappeared on a sortie
7-Jan-49	Spitfire FR18 x 4	Royal Air Force	Sinai near Faluja	Israel Spitfires	Shot down on a recce sortie
22-Oct-49	RB-29	USAF	Sea of Japan	Shot at but escaped	None
8-Apr-50	PB4Y-2	USN	Baltic Sea	Lt Ivan, St Lt’s Dokin, Gerasimov & Lt Sataev all in La-11s	10 Fatalities at least 8 crewmembers were sighted in prison, but all subsequently disappeared
24-Apr-50	P-38	USAAF	Unknown	Mj Keleinikov claimed as shot down but unconfirmed	None
Apr-50	B-26	USAF	Unknown	P Dushin	Claimed as shot down but unconfirmed
Apr-50	B-26	USAF	Unknown	V Sidorov	Claimed as shot down but unconfirmed
Apr-50	F-51 x 2	USAF	Unknown	Nikolia N Guzhov	Claimed as shot down but unconfirmed
11-May-50	B-24	USAF	Unknown	Kap II Shinkarenko	Claimed as shot down but unconfirmed
15-Jul-50	RB-29	USAF	Nr Permskoye airfield	Unknown	Shot at but escaped
4-Sep-50	Twin-Engined Bomber	Soviet	Korean West coast nr 38th parallel	Unknown	Approached and fired at USN formation and was then shot down crew presumed dead
8-Oct-50	F-80 x 2	USAF	Nr Vladivostok	Unknown	Allegedly strafed an airfield – unconfirmed
4-Dec-50	RB-45C	USAF	Nr Antung, N Korea	Unknown	Unknown
6-Nov-51	P2V-3	USN	Nr Vladivostok	Lukashyev & Shchukin	10 fatalties
18-Nov-51	C-47	USAF	Nr Papa in Hungary	St Lt Kalugin in MiG-15	Forced to land no casualties
1-Apr-52	Unknown	USN	China Sea	Unknown	Shot at but escaped
29-Apr-52	DC-4	Air France	Nr Berlin	Two MiG-15s	Shot at aircraft damaged, 3 wounded
13-Jun-52	RB-29	USAF	Sea of Japan	Kap Fedotov & St Lt Proskurin	12 fatalities a member of the crew was sighted in prison.
16-Jun-52	PBY-5A	Sweden	Baltic Sea	Unknown	Casualties unknown
13-Jul-52	DC-3	Sweden	Baltic Sea	Kap Osinskii	Casualties unknown
31-Jul-52	PBM-5S2	USN	Formosa	Unknown	Shot at but escaped
20-Sep-52	P4Y-2S	USN	China coast	H Zhongdao	Shot at but escaped
7-Oct-52	RB-29	USAF	Nr Kurile Islands	St Lt’s Zheryakov & Lesnov	8 fatalities
8-Oct-52	C-47	USAF	Nr Berlin	Unknown	Shot at but escaped
23-Nov-52	P4Y-2S	USN	Shanhai	Unknown	Shot at but escaped
29-Nov-52	C-47	CIA	China	Unknown	2 fatalities
12-Jan-53	B-29	USAF	Manchuria	Unknown	3 fatalities
18-Jan-53	P2-V5	USN	Nr Formosa	Unknown	Shot down by ground fire – 6 fatalities
10-Mar-53	F-84G	USAF	W Germany nr Czech border	Jaroslav Sramek	One F-84G shot down by a MiG-15, pilot ejected and survived
12-Mar-53	Lincoln RAF	W Germany Nr Elbe	Unknown	Shot down by Soviet MiG-15s 7 fatalities	None
17-Mar-53	Viking	BEA	Nr Berlin	Unknown	Shot at by Soviet MiG-15s but escaped
22-Mar-53	B-50	USAF	Unknown	Unknown	Shot at by Soviet MiG-15s but escaped
15-Mar-53	RB-50	USAF	Kamchatka	Unknown	Shot at by Soviet MiG-15s but escaped
29-Jul-53	RB-50	USAF	Sea of Japan near Vladivostok	St Lts Rybakov &   Yablonovskii	Shot down by Soviet MiG-15s 1 survivor, 15 fatalities
Aug-53	Canberra	RAF	Near Kapustin Yar	Unknown	Aircraft shot at and damaged by MiGs – unconfirmed
17-Aug-53	T-6	USAF	Korea	Unknown	Shot down by N Korean ground fire 1 fatality, 1 survivor
2-Oct-53	PBM-5	USN	Yellow Sea	Unknown	Shot at by Soviet MiG-15s but escaped
30-Dec-53	F-86 x 4	USAF	Korea	Unknown	Shot at by four Mig-15s but escaped
27-Jan-54	RB-45C	USAF	Yellow Sea	Lt Eric Beecroft	Shot at by MiG-15s but escaped 1 MiG shot down by F-86
12-Mar-54	AD-4 x 2	USAF	Near Czech border	Unknown	Shot at by Czech MiGs but escaped
29-Apr-54	RB-46C	RAF on loan from USAF	Near Kiev	Unknown	Shot at whilst on overflight but escaped undamaged
8-May-54	RB-47	USAF	Nr Murmansk	Unknown	Exchanged gunfire with MiG-17s whilst on overflight damaged but escaped
26-May-54	B-17	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot Down over Fujian by PLA AAA – 4 fatalties
3-Jun-54	Transport Aircraft	Belgian	Yugoslavia	Unknown	Shot at by MiGs but escaped 1 fatality
23-Jul-54	DC-4	Cathy Pacific	Hainan	Unknown	Shot down by Chinese La-9 fighters 10 fatalities, 8 survived
26-Jul-54	AD-4 x 2	USN	Hainan	Lt Tatham & Ens Crooks Lt’s Damien, Rochford, Wahlstrom, Ribble and Lt Cdr Salsig	Attacked by 2 Chinese La-9 fighters two La-9s shot down. Both aircraft victories shared by the various pilots involved
4-Sep-54	P2-V	USN	Siberian Coast	Unknown	Shot down by Soviet MiGs 10 fatalities
12-Sep-54	PB4Y	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot Down by PLA AAA near Xiamen – 9 fatalties
7-Nov-54	RB-29	USAF	Sea of Japan nr Hokkaido	Kap Kostin & St Lt Seberyakov	Shot down by Soviet fighters but crash landed 1 fatality and 10 survivors
19-Jan-55	Unknown	US Army	Korea	Unknown	Shot down by ground fire 1 fatality and 1 survivor
5-Feb-55	RB-45C	USAF	Off Korean coast	Unknown	Attacked by 8 MiG-15s escorting F-86s shot down 2 MiGs
17-Apr-54	RB-47	USAF	Kamchatka	Kap Korotkov & Lt Sazhin	Shot down by MiG-17s 3 fatalities
10-May-55	F-86 x 8	USAF	Off Korean coast	Cpt Robert Fulton and 1st Lt Burt Phythyon	Eight F-86s attacked by 12 MiGs 2 MiGs shot down all F-86s undamaged
22-Jun-55	RT-33A	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot Down near Fujian by PLA MiG-15 over Jiangxi by PLA MiG-17 – 1 fatality
22-Jun-55	P2-V	USN	Bering Straits	Unknown	Attacked and damaged by 2 MiG fighters aircraft crash landed in Alaska 11 survivors
27-Jul-55	Constellation	El Al	Bulgaria	Unknown	Attacked and shot down 58 fatalities
18-Aug-55	LT-6	USAF	Korea	Unk	Shot down by ground fire 1 fatality
22-Jun-56	B-17	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot Down over Jiangxi by PLA MiG-17 – 11 fatalties
22-Aug-56	P4-M	USN	Wenchow	Z Song	16 fatalities
10-Sep-56	RB-50	USAF	Sea of Japan	Unknown	Disappeared possibly shot down
31-Oct-56	Canberra	RAF	Syria	Unknown	Shot down – 1 fatality
10-Nov-56	C-46	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot Down over Jejigxi by PLA MiG – 9 fatalties
15-Apr-57	RF-84F	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Crashed whilst being pursued by PLA MiG – 1 fatality
5-Nov-57	B-26	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot Down – 5 POWs
23-Dec-57	T-33	USAF	Albania	Unknown	Possibly shot down
18-Feb-58	RB-57A	RoCAF	Yellow Sea	Unknown	Shot down over Shandong by PLAN J-5A – 1 fatality
6-Mar-58	F-86	USAF	N Korea	Unknown	Shot down by ground fire 1 survivor
17-Jun-58	RF-84F	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Crashed in Fujian whilst pursued by PLA MiG15s – 1 fatality
27-Jun-58	C-118	USAF	Soviet Armenia	Kap’s Svetlichnikov & Zakharov	Shot down by Soviet MiG-17s all 9 crew survived
2-Sep-58	C-130A	USAF	Soviet Armenia near Yerevan	St Lt’s Gavrilov, Ivanov, Kucheryaev & Lopatkov	6 fatalities returned to USA – 11 unaccounted for. Rumours that some crew members died in Soviet prisons
29-Sep-58	C-46	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot Down by PLA – 3 fatalties
2-Oct-58	C-46	RoCAF	China	PLA AAA	Shot Down – 5 fatalties
31-Oct-58	RB-47	USAF	Black Sea	Unknown	Attacked by Soviet fighters but survived
7-Nov-58	RB-47	USAF	Baltic Sea	Unknown	Attacked by Soviet fighters but survived
7-Nov-58	RB-47	USAF	Sea of Japan	Unknown	Attacked by Soviet fighters but survived
29-May-59	B-17	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot down near Guandong by MiG-17PF – 14 fatalities
16-Jun-59	P2-V	USN	Sea of Japan	Unknown	Attacked by Soviet fighters but survived
7-Oct-59	RB-57D	RoCAF	China	SA-2 missile	Shot down near Beijing – 1 fatality
1-May-60	U-2	CIA	Sverdlovsk	SA-2 missiles	Shot down pilot later returned to USA
25-May-60	C-47	USAF	E Germany	Soviet MiGs	Forced down all 9 crew returned to USA
1-Jul-60	ERB-47H	USAF	Barents Sea	Kap Vasilii Polyakov	Shot down 2 survivors, 4 fatalities
15-Feb-61	P4Y	RoCAF	China	Burmese fighter aircraft	Shot down near Thai-Burma border – 5 fatalities
2-Aug-61	RF-101A	RoCAF	Fukien	Unknown	Shot down by PLA AAA – 1 fatality
6-Nov-61	RB-69A	RoCAF	China	SA-2 missile	Shot down by PLA AAA – 13 fatalities
5-Jun-62	DC-3	Sweden	Baltic	Unknown	Shot down
16-Jun-62	Catalina	Sweden	Baltic	Unknown	Shot down
1-Aug-62	RB-69A	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Believed shot down – 13 fatalities
9-Sep-62	U-2A	RoCAF	China	SA-2 missile	Shot down over Nanchang – 1 fatality
27-Oct-62	U-2C	USAF	Cuba	SA-2 missile	Shot down
17-May-63	Helicopter	US Army	N Korea	Unknown	Shot down 2 survivors
19-Jun-63	RB-69A	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot down 14 fatalities
6-Aug-63	LT	USAF	N Korea	Unknown	Shot down
1-Nov-63	U-2C	RoCAF	Shanghai	SA-2 missile over Jiangxi	Shot down
24-Jan-64	T-39	USAF	E Germany	Unknown	3 fatalities
10-Mar-64	RB-66C	USAF	E Germany	Unknown
11-Jun-64	RB-69A	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot down by PLA MiG-17F
7-Jul-64	U-2C	RoCAF	China	Shot down by SA-2 missile over Fujian	1 survivor
18-Dec-64	RF-101A	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot down by PLAN J-6
10-Jan-65	U-2C	RoCAF	China	SA-2 missile	1 fatality
18-Mar-65	RF-101	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot down by PLA MiG-19 – 1 fatality
27-Apr-65	ERB-47H	USAF	N Korea	Unknown	Attacked by N Korean MiGs crew survived
31-Aug-65	C-123B	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Believed shot down over South China Sea
27-Jun-65	C-123B	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot down by Viet Kong over Saigon
11-Sep-65	RB-57F	Pakistan	India	SA-2 missile	Aircraft damaged but made a crash landing
1-Oct-65	U-2C	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot down by PLA SA-2 over Inner Mogolia
14-Dec-65	RB-57F	USAF	Black Sea	SA-2 missile	Shot down- 2 fatalities
10-Jan-66	HU-16A	RoCAF	Formosa	Unknown	Shot down by PLA MiG-17 over Matsu whilst transporting defectors to Taiwan.
22-Aug-67	C-123B	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Believed shot down over South China Sea
8-Sep-67	U-2	RoCAF	China	SA-2 missile	Shot Down
2-Apr-68	U-2C	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot down
2-Apr-68	U-2C	RoCAF	China	Unknown	Shot down
30-Jun-68	DC-8	USAF	Kurile Islands	Kap’s Igonin, Alexandrov, Moroz & Maj Evtoshenko	Forced down by Soviet fighters all 17 on board survived
Jan-69	U-2C	RoCAF	China	SA-2 missile	Shot down
16-May-69	U-2C	RoCAF	China	SA-2 missile	Shot down
15-Apr-69	EC-121M	US Navy	North Korea	Unknown	Shot down by N Korean MiGs all 31 crew members died
17-Aug-69	OH-23	US Army	Korea	Unknown	Shot down – 3 crew members survived
1970	U-2C	RoCAF	China	SA-2 missile	Shot down
21-Oct-70	U-8	USAF	Armenia	Unknown	Shot down 4 crew survived
14-Jul-77	CH-47	US Army	Korea	Unknown	Shot down 3 fatalities, 1 survivor
20-Apr-78	B-707	Korean Air Lines	Murmansk	Kap A Bosov	Fired on by Soviet SU-15 fighters and crash landed
6-Sep-83	B-747	Korean Air Lines	Sakhalin	Mj’s Gennadii & Osipovich	Shot down by Soviet SU-15s all 269 on board were killed
24-Apr-92	C-130	USAF	Peru	Unknown	Attacked by Peruvian Su-22s 1 fatality
17-Dec-94	OH-58A	US Army	Korea	Unknown	Shot down 1 fatality and 1 survivor
01.APR ’01	EP-3E ARIES	US Navy	China		Colieded eith J 8II Forced to land in China

Grigore Leoveanu